Adams equity theory

Adams equity theory 3.4. 4 Equity Theory Adams s (1965) equity theory is another form of motivation. In this model, like in expectancy theory, people are viewed as having thoughts, feeling, and opinions that affect their work. He also proposes that the social comparison process begins with the individuals assessment of what he or she need to puts into the job relative to what is received from it. That is, the person develops a cognitive ratio composed of the inputs to the job and the return (output) from it. Inputs Typically, inputs are consider as an effort, loyalty, hard work, commitment, skill, ability, adaptability, flexibility, tolerance, determination, heart and soul, enthusiasm, trust in our boss and superiors, support of colleagues and subordinates, personal sacrifice, etc. Outputs The outputs typically are define as financial rewards, for example pay salary, expenses, perks, benefits, pension arrangements, bonus and commission plus intangibles recognition, reputation, praise and thanks, interest, responsibility, stimulus, travel, training, development, sense of achievement and advancement, promotion, etc. According to Adams (1965), people who feel that there is fairness between inputs and outputs. T he output/input(O/I) ratio denotes the proportion of job inputs (I) to job outputs (O), and it expresses to the extent to which of the exchange is felt to be appropriate. People feel it will be fair if the exchange of the output is seen to be as equal as the input. When outputs are greater than inputs, people know they are overpaid, and conversely, when outputs are less than inputs, people feel underpaid. In a second phase of the process, people engage in social comparison. They begin by assessing the O/I ratios of others at work. Then, the person compares their self-ratio with the ratios of other significant persons. 3.4.4.1 Discussions on Equity Theory Equity theory has been used as a guide for paying and motivation, particularly in terms of changes in the quality and quantity of performance. Reviewers of the research have reported that the predicted effects of underpayment on performance are well supported (Campbell and Pritchard, 1976; Goodman and Friedman, 1971). Decreased production among underpaid hourly subjects has been observed as predicted (Pritchard, Dunnette, and Jorgenson, 1972). Increased production coupled with decreased work quality among underpaid piece rate subjects also has been observed (Lawler and OGara, 1967). 3.4.6 Goal-setting Therory Like equity and expectancy theories, goal-setting theory is consider as a process theory. Locke (1968) initiated the original work on this theory. The theory identifies the contents of the motivational structure, but the greater emphasis is on the process of motivation. Goals are the central feature of the motivational structure. His studies resulted in three main conclusions: More difficult goals result in higher levels of performance than easy goals. This is the first conclusion. The outcomes of a series of experiments showed that â€Å"although subjects with very hard goals reached their goals far less often than subjects with very easy goals, the former consistently performed at a higher level than the latter† (Lock, 1968). Specific goals produce higher levels of performance than general goals (e.g. ‘Do your best!) Locke suggests that one of the features of specific, hard goals is that they prolong effort during the latter portions of long work sessions (Locke, 1968). Locke also reported on a study by Meyer, Kay and French (1965) into goal-setting during appraisal interviews. They found that the tasks that were translated into specific goals resulted in greater performance outcomes than tasks that were not. Behavioural intentions influence the choices people make. This is the final conclusion. Behavioural intention was defined as â€Å"the intention to make a certain task choice or to respond in a certain way† (Locke, 1968). In other words, Locke concluded that the level of difficulty of a chosen goal depended on what the person undertaking the task was aiming to achieve. 3.4.6.2 Discussions on Goal-setting Theory Goal-setting theory is useful to many managers because much of people management is specifically about performance against goals. It is also a theory that human resource professionals are likely to be familiar with because it is often focus on objectives. Although the Goal-setting theory specifically states that goals have to be considered valid for them to be motivating, the theory does not cover the issue of goal commitment according to Hollyforde and Whiddett (2002). Peoples commitment to a goal is an obviously key to anticipating their motivation to succeed at it. Carroll and Tosi (1973) reported that the self-esteem seems to be an important factor here. For example, managers with high self-esteem reported they were more persistent in meeting their goals than those managers with low self-esteem. In general, Goal-setting theory is a theory that has great relevance for managers. The three conclusions of the theory that suggest that the most motivating goals are not only specific but also challenging must ring true for many managers.

Racial Profiling by Police Essay -- Race Racism Prejudice Essays

Racial profiling has become a severe obstacle in the U.S. today though most Americans know very little of this vital issue. Every day, people are being pulled over, harassed, and even killed for being of a certain race. There are new laws that politicians are trying to pass that promote racial discrimination. Racial profiling is immoral and does not increase public safety. Incarceration rates are a definite proof that racial discrimination occurs. â€Å"Incarceration rates in the United States have risen sharply since 1980†, stated Filip Spagnoli, â€Å"the racial distribution of inmates in the U.S. is highly negative for black Americans. Whereas they only make up 12% of the total U.S. population, they represent more than 40% of inmates† Black Americans are one of the many races that are accused of many crimes that they are innocent of and being imprisoned for them. Addy Bareiss, a five-year volunteer and worker at the ACLU of Arizona affirmed, â€Å"A 2008 report by the ACLU of Louisiana found that people of color were arrested at higher rates than their representation in the population in every town, city and parish examined† Imprisonment of innocent people has to come to a stop. When officers are focusing mainly on a certain group they overlook criminals of other races who deserve to be in prison. She also stated, â€Å"b lack and Hispanic residents were stopped, frisked, searched, and arrested by Los Angeles Police Department officers far more frequently than white residents, and that these disparities were not justified by local crime rates or by any other legitimate policing rationale evident from LAPD’s extensive data† (Bareiss, Addy). Stereotypes play a significant part of racial profiling. When officers see a black or Hispanic man... ...on=1.0>. "Jose Serrano." BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2010. 30 November. 2010. Kennedy, Randall. "Racial Profiling Should Be Abolished." Current Controversies: Racism. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Raymond S Kellis High School. 29 Nov. 2010 . "Motivated Quotes." Brainy Quote. Xplore, Inc., BrainyQuote, 2001 - 2010. Web. 5 Dec 2010. . "The First 10 Amendments to the." n. pag. Web. 2 Dec 2010. . Spagnoli, Filip. http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-freedom/statistics-on-prisoner-population-rates/

European Type Jaw Crusher for Sale in India

European Type Jaw Crusher Brief Introduction: By adopting the world’s most advanced crushing and manufacturing technology, European type jaw crusher is mainly used for secondary and tertiary crushing of various medium-hard ores and rocks. European type jaw crusher has already become the most popular equipment in the world without controversy. It is the first choice for hard and strong abrasion material. [pic] Highlights: 1. Adopt world-level manufacturing techniques and raw materials. 2. Movable jaw assembly is made of high-quality cast steel piece.Forging blank is adopted for heavy eccentric shaft for processing, which makes the machine more reliable and endurable. 3. Integral cast steel structure is adopted for bearing saddle to guarantee full cooperation with crushing stander, which greatly enhances radial strength of bearing saddle. 4. Adoption of finite element analysis technology ensures much higher strength of the machine. 5. Crusher chamber adopts â€Å"V† struc ture which could make the actual feed width complies with the nominal one. 6. Adjustment device with discharge hole with wedge installed is simpler, safer and rapider than the old spacing piece. . Compared with crusher of other specifications, all machines of the series adopt more endurable and bigger eccentric shaft bearing; its higher bearing capacity and effective labyrinth seal make service life of bearing greatly prolonged. 8. The latest tooth-shaped guard plate is adopted to increase effective length of jaw plate and improve output. [pic] Working Principle: The motor transmits power through belt, drives the moving jaw to do periodic motion towards the fixed jaw by the eccentric shaft.The angle between toggle plate and moving jaw plate increases when moving jaw moves. So the moving jaw moves towards the fixed jaw. The stuff will be crushed in this process. The angle between toggle plate and moving jaw decreases when moving jaw moves down, the moving jaw moves leaves fixed jaw b y pulling rod and spring, the final crushed stuff will be discharged from the outlet. [pic] For more detailed information, please click here:http://www. crusherindustry. com/index. php/european-type-jaw-crusher/

The Product and Founder Related Issues of Mobile Home Accessory and Gift Shop Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The firm s success will be on the following; selling products that provide value and quality to the consumer. As well as meeting the needs for the expression of personal style (Beverly, 2010). The firms will also have a twenty-four customer service in place to direct as well as advising our clients on how to make use of our quality products. The business will advertise our products online in order to reach many customers having in mind that 70% of the people in San Diego are often online each day. Additionally, our firm will utilize other means of communications such as the magazine advertisement, website, and postcard mailing to reach the customers. Zaet mobile accessory and gift shop aims at establishing accessible, welcoming and visible storefront and website that will position the services and products within the marketplace and beyond (Hughes, 2008). The firm will be opened throughout the week and twenty-four hours in a day except during weekends. During weekends, the business will be opened from 12: 00 pm to 5: 00 pm. The firm will be staffed by one-time workers, working forty hours a week and other party time employees who will be working thirty hours a week. We will write a custom essay sample on The Product and Founder Related Issues of Mobile Home Accessory and Gift Shop or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The firm will accept the following forms of payment from the customers; visa, credit card, check, Cash, Master Card as well as American Express; travelers check and debit card. Defective and damaged items can be to our stores for refund or replacement. Our team of expert will always be on alert to attend to our customers at home or on site. Business potential and positioning of products and services